Telomere,as a special component of chromosome,can efficiently protect chromosome from degradation,end-to-end fusion and recombination.Telomerase,the enzyme complex is known to re-elongate shortened telomeres and to maintain the loop structure of telomeres.Telomere and telomerase constitute telomere-telomerase system,which was found to be closely related to human health in nearly 30 years’ research.Evidences have shown that oxidative stress can alter the structure and function of telomere.This paper reviews the different ways to influence the telomere and telomerase,and analyzes the influence of redox microenvironment and oxidative stress on telomere-telomerase and human disease.