This article concerns item nonresponse adjustment for two-stage cluster samples, where nonresponse depends on covariates and underlying cluster characteristics, or on covariates and the missing outcome. In these circumstances, standard weighting and imputation adjustments are liable to be biased. To obtain consistent estimates, we propose extensions of the standard random-effects model for clustered data to… Continue reading Model-based estimates of the finite population mean for two-stage cluster samples with item nonresponse