Dr Yuen Yuen Ang, associate political science professor at the University of Michigan, told IPS that China’s intentions are “not verifiable.”¶¶”While observers are free to speculate upon China’s intentions,” Dr Ang said. “What we should and can know for sure is a persistent gap between policy formulation and implementation.”¶¶Dr Ang explained that the implementation of BRI has been “fragmented and uncoordinated,” causing confusion for international partners and participant companies and blurring Beijing’s strategic vision.