It is critically important to identify modifiable determinants of cognitive health and functioning, particularly among racial/ethnic minority groups that have elevated risk of Alzheimers disease and related dementias (ADRD). Black Americans have 2-4 times the age-adjusted incidence of ADRD, with significantly earlier age of onset, relative to non-Hispanic Whites (NHW). However, there is a dearth of longitudinal studies examining risk and protective factors in early and middle-adulthood within the Black population to inform culturally-relevant prevention and intervention efforts. The original sample consisted of 5,191 Black adults, 1,170 Black adolescents (nested within the Black adult households), and 891 NHW adults who resided in Census tracts with =10% Black residents. The NSAL is unparalleled in terms of its ability to characterize the heterogeneity in psychosocial and environmental factors within the Black population: the sample spans US including urban, suburban, and rural areas; and the survey assessed a range of factors that vary within this group, including ethnic identity, skin tone, socioeconomic status, nativity, neighborhood characteristics, family/kin networks, religious participation, exposure to adversity and trauma (e.g., incarceration history, discrimination), coping resources, and mental health history (e.g., major depression, anxiety disorders, substance dependence). In addition, these survey data have been geocoded to characterize neighborhood context (e.g., residential segregation, income inequality, social capital). The specific aims of this project are to: (1) Re-interview ~70% of surviving NSAL participants (~2,600 people (63% female), who are now on average 65 years old) to collect longitudinal data (20-year follow-up) on a range of risk factors and culturally-relevant psychosocial resources for cognitive health and functioning. This re-interview will involve enhanced data collection with ~1,485 participants to directly assess physical functioning and collect a blood sample for biological, genetic, and epigenetic markers; (2) Identify and characterize pathways of risk and resilience for cognitive and physical functioning, including variation in these relationships by ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status; and (3) Explore contextual moderators of cognitive and physical functioning using geocoded survey data.