“In this book, the counterfactual model of causality for observational data analysis is presented, and methods for causal effect estimation are demonstrated using examples from sociology, political science, and economics.”–BOOK JACKET.; Part I. Counterfactual Causality and Empirical Research in the Social Sciences — 1. Introduction — 2. The counterfactual model; Part II. Estimating Causal Effects by Conditioning — 3. Causal graphs, identification, and models of causal exposure — 4. Matching estimators of causal effects — 5. Regression estimators of causal effects — Part III. Estimating Causal Effects When Simple Conditioning is Ineffective — 6. Identification in the absence of a complete model of causal exposure — 7. Natural experiments and instrumental variables — 8. Mechanisms and causal explanation — 9. Repeated observations and the estimation of causal effects — Part IV. Conclusions — 10. Counterfactual causality and future empirical research in the social sciences.